1. DIN 931 and ISO 4014 are both international standards for hexagon head bolts with partial thread and a shank longer than the length of the bolt. These standards specify the dimensions, mechanical properties, and materials that these bolts must adhere to in order to ensure reliability and compatibility across different industries and applications. By following the guidelines set forth in DIN 931 and ISO 4014, manufacturers can guarantee that their bolts meet the necessary requirements for quality and performance, ultimately contributing to the overall safety and integrity of the products in which they are used. Additionally, these standards facilitate easier interchangeability between bolts from different manufacturers, simplifying the procurement and maintenance processes for end-users.